1035-1252 CE
From 1035 to 1252 CE, the Castilians carried the Reconquista's burning standard southward across the Meseta, their mounted knights and fortified towns pushing the frontier of Christendom from the Duero to the Guadalquivir. Toledo's fall gave them an ancient capital and Arabic libraries; Las Navas de Tolosa broke Almohad power forever — and Fernando III rode into Seville as its conqueror.