1085-1310 CE
From 1085 to 1310 CE, the Czechs rose from Bohemian dukes to kings who shook the Holy Roman Empire. The Přemyslids built Prague into a golden city, and Ottokar II — the "Iron and Golden King" — ruled from the Baltic to the Adriatic until Habsburg ambition cut him down on the Marchfeld. When the dynasty died without heirs, foreign princes scrambled for their crown.