1000-1323 CE
From 1000 to 1323 CE, the Uralians fought their longest rearguard action — Finns and Karelians caught between Swedish crusaders and Novgorodian princes, Estonians making their last stand against the Sword Brothers, while far to the east the Mari and Mordvins watched Rus' missionaries and tax collectors push ever deeper into their forest homelands. One by one, the sacred groves fell silent and church bells rang where shamans had once chanted.